From manufacturing to installation: DIY paving slabs

Tags:Garden, With your own hands

Every year, concrete pavement pavement “conquers” new territories not only on city roads, but also in private estates. Therefore, home-grown owners, trying to cut costs, are looking for ways to independently lay paving stones. And for some, do-it-yourself paving slabs are the main article of budget savings. In today's review, we will tell you how to properly make paving slabswhat production methods exist, what tools, equipment you need for this. Along the way, you will learn about the manufacture of paving molds and find detailed step-by-step instructions for self-installation.

Paving stones on the site

The content of the article

1 Which tile is better and more profitable - homemade or industrial
2 Paving Slab Production Methods
- 2.1 Vibrocompression
- 2.2 Vibration casting
3 Making paving slabs with your own hands at home: step by step instructions
4 How to check the quality of the finished tile
5 Laying paving slabs with your own hands - a short step-by-step instruction
- 5.1 Video: DIY paving slabs

Which tile is better and more profitable - homemade or industrial

Having set out to lay out the track on the site with concrete tiles, the questions of the benefits and quality of such products always arise: which is better and more economical - to do it yourself or buy? Let's consider this question point by point:

concrete quality in any format requires constant control from the initial inspection of raw materials to testing samples at 28 days of age. In turn, the implementation of such processes requires certain knowledge and, of course, a considerable budget for laboratory tests. Without such analyzes, it is only by great luck that you can get a quality product from concrete. In production facilities, even small ones, such quality controls are mandatory;

Lumpy cement speaks of its poor quality

availability of equipment also affects both the quality and the cost of the final products. For the manufacture of any reliable and beautiful concrete product, high-quality vibration is required, which can only be achieved with the help of a vibrating table. Buying it is expensive, renting it is also not very profitable. Unless there is an opportunity to do it yourself. Do not forget, all this will affect the cost of products. In factories, however, such costs are paid off very quickly due to large volumes of manufactured products;

Vibrating table for tiles

product defect - the scourge of any production. Until the optimal selection of the composition is selected, until all the components are ideally matched to each other, until the best thermal and humidity regime is selected, and you never know what problems may arise in the first pairs. On an industrial scale, such troubles pay off pretty quickly and painlessly for the budget.

Attention! Often it is low-quality cement that can give rise to defects, as a result, it can only be thrown away, since it is not suitable for more similar products.

Are you ready for such risks? What if the investment in raw materials and manufacturing of the necessary equipment does not pay off? Where are you going to add low-quality paving slabs? These are the questions to ask everyone who wants to start producing paving slabs for their own needs. In most cases, it is more profitable to buy paving slabs and start laying it yourself. If this is not about you, read on and learn the secrets of concrete science.

Paving Slab Production Methods

There are several ways to make concrete paving. The characteristics and durability of products depend on the type of production.

Vibrocompression

A similar method of making tiles consists in hard compaction - pressing a semi-dry concrete mortar... At the same time, the minimum amount of water required for its mixing and hardening is added to the cement-sand composition. And, as you know, the less water in concrete, the better it is.

Vibro-pressed paving stones

Products with a thickness of more than 35 mm are made in a similar way. It is these products that are called paving stones. Of the advantages, it can be noted:

durability (but only subject to compliance with the production technology);
good performance - if you have the necessary equipment, you can make up to squares or more at a time;
availability of raw materials and their low cost - can be used sand with large inclusions;
relatively low price on similar paving slabs.

It is for these reasons that city utilities opt for just such a sidewalk covering, turning a blind eye to the monotony of forms and the dullness of the color palette. The disadvantages also include the impossibility of making equipment from improvised means for the production of paving stones with your own hands and its considerable cost. So, if you have "laid eyes" on such products, you will have to buy them.

Attention! If a constant movement of machines is expected on the site, then it is best to opt for such small-piece products.

Vibration casting

Vibro-casting tiles are distinguished by their small thickness - from 10 to 35 mm, as well as by the variety of shapes with ornate patterns and unusual patterns. But, in comparison with the previous type, it has low strength and frost resistance. The process of making such products is a little more complicated and consists of the following stages:

preparation of a solution, you can even do without a concrete mixer;
its layout by shape and high-quality vibration;
heat and humidity treatment - even in warm weather, without it, you can go anywhere, except that you can heat less and not so long;
stripping;
alignment of finished products.

This method is also used for the production of concrete facing stones for facades, fences, flowerpots, parebriks, overhead steps, balusters and borders.

Concrete fence

Concrete cladding stones

Vibrating tile

Although there are many steps in one production run, it is not so difficult to reproduce them with everything you need. Therefore, we will consider home-made tiles using this technology. A small note, if you are planning to make ceramic tiles with your own hands, then you can forget about it, since the technology itself is so complex that some manufacturers cannot. And the raw material base for it is not as easy to get as for concrete products.

Related article:

Paving slabs in the courtyard of a private house: photo. A lot of examples of paving slabs and installation options in a special publication of our portal.

Making paving slabs with your own hands at home: step by step instructions

Where does any production begin - of course, with the competent arrangement of equipment and planning of the workflow. Let's consider everything in detail.

Equipment and tools for the production of paving slabs

What is required to start a "home" tile production:

concrete mixer - an ordinary mobile one is suitable, even of a small volume;
vibrating table;
forms;
a steaming chamber that can be replaced heated area in the garage, tightly curtained with a film (without steaming, there can be a lot of rejects when stripping);
a barrel for washing molds from concrete (when re-pouring dirty molds, products are most likely to be defective).

Approximate location of equipment in the workshop

Don't forget about inventory:

buckets;
shovels;
trowels and spatula;
volumetric dishes for plasticizer;
electronic scales;
small sticks longer than the size of the paving slabs (they will be needed if the product is to dry "on several floors", which only saves space);
a place for stripping, and best of all, a comfortable metal table.

In principle, this is all that is required for the first batch. You will figure out what will be more convenient for you "along the way".

DIY vibrating table making drawings

As already found out, a vibrating table is needed for self-made tiles. Although it is not a tricky design, the assembly still requires special attention and care. The video below will tell you in detail how to do it better:

Also, our small selection of drawings will help technicians understand the structure of the sealing structure.

What the vibrating table consists of

Vibrating table drawing

Vibration mechanism diagram

DIY molds for paving stones and paving slabs

Now the most exciting thing is the forms for the manufacture of paving stones, or rather, paving slabs. Today it is possible to purchase practically any standard size with any ornament. But you need to take into account the ratio of the shape perimeter and the thickness of the future product. The most successful sizes are considered to be 300 × 300 cm or less.

Variety of forms for paving slabs

An expert's point of view

Dmitry Holodok

Technical Director of the repair and construction company "ILASSTROY"

“Paving slabs 500 × 500 × 50 mm are considered large, and without reinforcement they will give cracks and brittleness. Therefore, if you decide to pour products of this size or paving slabs 400 × 400 × 40 mm, find out the price of the masonry mesh, maybe pouring such slabs will be fundamentally unprofitable. "

A small photo report for self-production of the form

If buying forms for paving slabs is not your option, we offer a small video tutorial that will tell you how you can make them yourself, literally from improvised means:

Paving slab mortar composition - components

The selection of the optimal concrete composition of the working mixture for sidewalk products is not an easy task. But if someone succeeded, then why can't we? What you need to know about materials:

the optimal solution grade is M300, M350, not lower in any way;
cement is best to take M500D0, but you can do with M400D20, and only from trusted suppliers;
river sand without large inclusions, clean, up to 2.5 mm;
water can be heated up to no more than + 30 ° C;
if necessary, masonry mesh, cut according to shape parameters;
plasticizers for plasticity and strength, available in your region, just forget about detergents, otherwise you will end up with a marriage. The use of plasticizers is optional. But even with their use, the quality of products will noticeably improve, as well as the cost price;
for tinting, use special pigments, preferably organic.

Pigments for concrete

The selection of the composition of this type of concrete is standardized by GOST 7473-94. But this does not mean that the main dosages are prescribed there. This technical document describes the general rules and regulations that M300 concrete must comply with. We also provide a rough selection of the squad. For each production, equipment and raw material, they are adjusted:

the ratio of cement and sand is about 1: 3;
water - the minimum amount for high-quality vibration;
pigments are dosed no more than 4% of the cement mass, a higher content reduces the strength of concrete;
the plasticizer is added by weight of cement, in accordance with the exact recommendations from the manufacturer.

Attention! Do not rush to make large batches and clog forms with them. First, run test checks in the lab. Only after confirming the good quality of the concrete obtained can it be launched into serial production. But the laboratory tests do not end there. To be sure of the quality of your products, bring concrete for inspection from each batch of purchased cement. But this is, of course, ideal ...

Working cycle for the production of paving slabs

So how is paving slabs made with your own hands? Let's take a closer look.

Photo	Stage	Description
	Shop preparation	We prepare the workshop - we put everything in its place and procure the entire volume of the necessary raw materials available
	Dosing of components	Pour cement and sand into a mixer. Since the binder will be very dusty, you can cover the mixer itself with a metal or plywood sheet
	Mixing	Turn on the mixer and mix the cement-sand mixture until smooth - no more than 5 minutes
	Water addition	We dose about one fourth of the water in which the plasticizer is diluted. Stir
	Water dosage	Gradually add the rest of the water to obtain the required concrete consistency
	Tinting	We dilute the required amount of pigment with water or a small amount of the finished solution in a separate container and add to the bulk. Mix again until uniformly stained
	Layout of the solution into forms	When the concrete is ready, take the molds, put them on the scales, select the container mode and weigh the mold with the solution. This is necessary to ensure that all tiles are the same thickness. Approximate weight for tiles measuring 30 × 30 cm is 1.5 kg. In principle, on trial kneading, you yourself bring out the necessary rate for yourself.
	Vibrating	We send the clogged forms to the vibrating table. We keep them there until the cement milk is released and send the filled products for drying

Drying rules for paving slabs and paving stones

A good thermal and humidity regime is a guarantee of the quality of the future product. Of course, concrete can "reach" in natural conditions, but during this long period, which can take up to several days, concrete can erupt into the mold so much that when the formwork is removed, the front surface will be defective. Therefore, we provide room heating up to about + 40 ° C and cover the products with foil. After about a day, you can pull out the finished tiles, but only carefully.

Photo	Stage	Description
	After steaming	Products after aging

Features of demoulding finished products

The stripping is carried out according to the following principle:

Photo	Stage	Description
	Tapping	Turn the mold over, take a hammer with a large working surface and gently tap the tiles and remove the mold.
	Warming up	Those forms that do not leave are warmed up with a construction hairdryer.
	Comparison	As you can see, both tiles, removed in two ways, came out fine.

We leave the finished products to stand for about a week, and send the forms to the sink.

How to check the quality of the finished tile

So, the tile came out of shape without damage, but you still have doubts about how high-grade it turned out? There are several ways to check this, by the way, you can also apply them for purchased tiles (such methods do not apply to paving stones, only to vibrocasting products):

Turn the tile over with the back side up and carefully examine it - gloss, porosity and peeling indicate an excess amount of water in the working composition, when a slightly bumpy surface shows a good quality of the mixture.
Run the key along the face of the tile - if it is scratched easily and there are chips, then this is an indicator of poor quality.
If possible, split the tile in half and look at the fracture, it should show a uniform concrete pattern, as well as a completely even paint.

An expert's point of view

Dmitry Holodok

Technical Director of the repair and construction company "ILASSTROY"

“When buying concrete products, do not forget to ask for a quality certificate for each batch. With them, in the future, you can prove the low quality of the tile, if it was purchased, and return legally either quality products or money from the company. "

Laying paving slabs with your own hands - a short step-by-step instruction

Laying technology paving slabs do it yourself is not difficult, although it requires accuracy and prudence. You also need to understand that laying paving slabs on sand thickness up to 3.5 cm is not performed, only for concrete mortar. Therefore, we will consider just such a technology:

Photo	Stage	Description
	Initial measurements and calculation with a border	Take the necessary measurements
	Decide on the dimensions for the border	Take the necessary measurements
	Determining the depth	We get the depth to which you need to dig
	Territory marking	Drive in the stakes according to measurements and pull the lace
	Removal of soil	Removing the soil
	Exposing curbs	You can already put borders behind the lace. Prepare masonry mortar - about 1: 3
	Concreting curbs	Pour the solution to the planting depth of the curbs and set them according to the level
	Pillow decoration	Fill the paving stones with an even layer over the entire tiling area
	Beacons	Lay the reinforcement mesh over the entire surface and install boards on it at a distance of about 40 cm for more convenient leveling of the mortar
	Concreting	Fill a small area with a solution of beacons
	Styling	Start laying tiles by tapping them with a mallet. Be sure to arrange a slope of about 2 ° to drain rain and melt water. Use the metal rule when laying

Above is a brief instruction, but the video will tell you more about laying paving slabs.

Related article:

Laying paving slabs with step-by-step video instructions. A practical step-by-step guide to self-laying tiles in a separate material on our portal.

Video: DIY paving slabs

As you can see, there is nothing unrealizable in the independent production of paving slabs. You just need to carefully prepare and follow a rigorously verified technology. And then only high-quality products will turn out.

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